Massachusetts law specifically forbids the usage of after-market lighting and neon underglow. An object, material, or covering that alters the stop lamps visibility from 300 feet to the rear in normal sunlight may not be placed, displayed, installed, affixed, or applied over a stop lamp. Section 7B: Equipment and operation of school buses. Frequently walk around your vehicle and check all the lights, turn signals, license plate lights and high beams. There is no decibel limit in the state of MA. But this is RMV regulations youre talking about, so it will probably come down to the mood of the inspector. Except in the case of a school bus or fire apparatus, every motor vehicle and every tractor which is designed and used for drawing another vehicle, having an unladen weight of more than ten thousand pounds, shall be equipped with full air brakes or hydraulic brakes with vacuum power assist or air power assist. Are they just super bright to me? While several states have already adopted the new system, Safety First Brake Light is currently trying to pass federal legislation to make the flashing brake lights legal across the entire country . But U.S. government regulators say brake lights are allowed to do only one thing: glow more brightly than the taillights. Q: While I certainly agree that some shops (especially at car dealers) have recommended services that are beyond crazy, Im wondering if you can expand on the advice you provided to B.S. red, white, or blue beacon, flashing, or alternating light unless the equipment is: (2) a running lamp, headlamp, taillamp, backup lamp, or turn signal lamp that is used as authorized by law. Winds ESE at 10 to 20 mph.. 5103 and transported in a quantity requiring Motorcycle Wheel Lights Laws by State. Whats The Recommended Thickness Of Your Brake Pads? No person shall operate any school bus, and the owner or custodian of a school bus shall not permit the same to be operated upon or to remain upon any way, unless the following requirements are complied with: (1) The words ''SCHOOL BUS'' shall be painted or otherwise displayed . It is my understanding that, regardless of state "rules", the Federal DOT approval of modulating headlights supersedes any State regulations. I couldn't give him much of an answer other then a permit is needed for blue and red. First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. However, plenty say water is still the issue and that means your fluid should be changed based on time vs. mileage. . For example, under the guidelines of the Texas Transportation Code Section 547.303, the taillight of a motorcycle must be red, or have the ability to reflect red. High 61F. commercial motor vehicles transporting oversized loads; and warning lamps on compensation; or (3) Is designed or used to transport more than 15 passengers, placarding under regulations prescribed by the Secretary under 49 CFR, subtitle The license plate must be illuminated by a white light. A lock icon ( "Again, the main issue is continuously red flashing lights.". Yes, those flashing lights are annoying and I would like owners to get tickets. Here is the text of Ch.90 S 7E - I *think* there might be a CMR about it too. Mass.gov is a registered service mark of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Any vehicle may be equipped and, when required under s. A violation of this section is a noncriminal traffic infraction, punishable as a nonmoving violation as provided in chapter 318. s. 1, ch. The registrar shall prohibit: (i) visual obstructions due to aftermarket modifications and accessories that reduce the ability of the vehicle operator to directly see vulnerable users in the vicinity of the vehicle, including, but not limited to, bug deflectors and chrome visors; and (ii) aftermarket modifications and accessories that increase fatality and serious injury risk to vulnerable users in a collision with the vehicle, including, but not limited to, bull bars. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this section, any commercial motor vehicle, semi-trailer or trailer, used in interstate commerce, which shall conform as to its equipment with the regulations established from time to time by the bureau of motor carrier safety of the United States department of transportation, shall be deemed to conform to the requirements of this section. Why cant you use compression fittings on brake lines? hbbd``b` $% c, tsA vK The Code ofMassachusettsRegulations, Chapter 540, Section 22, "Failure to Dim," says you must flick off your high beams when you're within 500 feet of a car approaching in the opposite direction -- a considerable distance. Then he's going to make a stop and find out! $12.91. Here in California a center flashing brake light is legal so long as it is not a quick strobe light (like emergency vehicles have) and does not flash more than 5 times before going solid. "One:they continuously blink. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. Law enforcement officers conduct traffic stops due to many types of equipment violations. Use this button to show and access all levels. Anything over the headlights or taillights is def. A motor vehicle, trailer, semi-trailer or semi-trailer unit classified as a class 3 or above by the Federal Highway Administration, with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,001 pounds or more, that is leased or purchased by the commonwealth on or after January 1, 2023, shall be equipped with a lateral protective device, convex mirrors, cross-over mirrors and backup cameras. Every motor vehicle registered in the commonwealth shall be equipped with a device to permit the front and rear directional signals to flash simultaneously, said device to be operated only when the vehicle is disabled or stopped in the event of emergency on or at the side of any way. The stop lamp, or brake light, must be visible from at least 100 feet away. Before using the database, though, it is advisable to read the introduction. Any questions concerning traffic related laws or issues in Minnesota, send your questions to Trooper Troy Christianson, Minnesota State Patrol, 2900 48th St., NW, Rochester MN 55901-5848; or send an email to: Troy.Christianson@state.mn.us. Do you need a third brake light in Massachusetts? Grinding - Once the material on brake pads becomes dangerously worn a grinding sound can be heard on depression of the brake. They are only allowed on emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, fire trucks, police cars, and rescue vehicles. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Thats my question. Every motor vehicle so operated shall be provided with a muffler or other suitable device to prevent unnecessary noise and with a suitable bell, horn or other means of signalling, with suitable lamps, and with a lock, key or other device to prevent such vehicle from being set in motion by unauthorized persons, or otherwise contrary to the will of the owner or person in charge thereof. No, the flashing lights on specifically construction vehicles and tow vehicles are not illegal, red on the rear only flashing is is illegal in the sense that it's considered improper equipment and can lead to being pulled over or failing state inspections. be steady burning while the turn signal is in use. Hazard lights are indeed included. Florida These lighting devices are also illegal in Orlando, Florida. required lamps and any additional lamps) shall be steady-burning with the According to Montiero, it's not only distracting to have a red flashing light on your vehicle, it's also illegal. The flashing light could also confuse other drivers. Massachusetts does not technically forbid headlight flashing, but law enforcement is allowed to ask a motorist if they were flashing their lights to warn oncoming motorists of police presence and if they deny this, the officer can ask if the vehicle's lights are defective, which is illegal. Pressure component means any internal component of the brake master cylinder or master control unit, wheel brake cylinder, brake line, brake hose, or equivalent, except vacuum assist components. hb```M,(EL%$!$-P 7y$+E7301c4/C+9ic= @J H| Bob Weber is a writer and mechanic who became an ASE-certified Master Automobile Technician in 1976. motor vehicle used on a highway in interstate commerce to transport passengers However, as soon as he lights them up on the road, any PO in the area is instantly going to ask himself, "What's up with this clown?" Mounting and Display of Amber and Other Colored Lights (1) No person shall mount or display a flashing, rotating or oscillating amber light on a motor vehicle operated on the way, except as provided in 540 CMR 22.06. Grinding Once the material on brake pads becomes dangerously worn a grinding sound can be heard on depression of the brake. "A brake light is. It pulls in a nauseating level of diesel exhaust fumes and dirties the glass even when Im not right behind a bus or truck. Free shipping. One law requires vehicles to have stop lights that activate when the service or foot brake is applied. Please remove any contact information or personal data from your feedback. Technically, all kinds of flashing lights are illegal for all passenger and commercial vehicles in this state. Groendyke Transport, of Enid OK, recently was granted a limited five-year exemption to allow use of an amber brake-activated pulsating lamp on its trailers in addition to the steady-burning brake lamps required by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSR). Especially at night, it feels like EVERYBODY has their headlights onI know the height of vehicles these days aren't like they were back in the day, but jeesh. Generally speaking, compression outlets are used for water and compressed air lines, where slight leakage isnt going to cause too much of a problem. Your comment about measuring copper got me searching the internet and interestingly enough, many now say what you say, that measuring copper is more important and water is not a problem these days. You skipped the table of contents section. used to transport more than 8 passengers (including the driver) for All rights reserved. ORLANDO, Fla. News 6 traffic safety expert Trooper Steve Montiero answers viewer questions about the rules of the road every week, helping Orlando-area residents become better drivers by being better educated. Under North Carolina law, it is illegal to sell or own a motorcycle that does not have a brake light visible from 100 feet away, unless the motorcycle was manufactured before Dec 31, 1955. Are colored headlights legal in Massachusetts? J.G., Elmhurst, Ill. A: To clear the windshield of fog (moisture), dry fresh air is required. Brake lights are not listed. Extreme Tactical Dynamics is located in Jupiter, Florida. When copper corrodes, iron and steel are sure to follow. Answer: These types of devices and alterations to the brake lights are not legal, according to state and federal law. 2*CANBUS 3157 Red LED Strobe Flashing Blinking Turn Signal Brake Tail Light Bulb . Every automobile used on a way by a person in giving driving instruction for compensation shall be equipped with dual brake controls whereby he may apply the brake while the pupil is driving. Center High Mount Stop Lamp, or "CHMSL" for short) to pulse four times, warning the driver behind you that you are slowing down or . If you wish an opinion on State laws governing flashing third brake lights, you should write the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, 4600 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Va. 22203. Webers work appears in professional trade magazines and other consumer publications. Failure to dim. . They also can't flash or spin. A second offense by a fine of not less than $500. A forum community dedicated to Massachusetts Law Enforcement Officers. Answer: The state statute says that a vehicle equipped with stop lamps or signal lamps shall at all times be maintained in good working condition. by reference and availability of these documents.). No motor vehicle so operated shall mount or display a flashing, rotating or oscillating light in any direction except pursuant to section seven E of this chapter; provided, however, that this shall not apply to the use of rear directional signals nor to the proper use of vehicle hazard warning signals as provided for by this section. Every person operating a motorcycle or riding as a passenger on a motorcycle or in a sidecar attached to a motorcycle shall wear protective head gear conforming with such minimum standards of construction and performance as the registrar may prescribe, and no person operating a motorcycle shall permit any other person to ride as a passenger on such motorcycle or in a sidecar attached to such motorcycle unless such passenger is wearing such protective head gear, except that no protective head gear shall be required if the motorcyclist is participating in a properly permitted public parade and is 18 years of age or older. Copyright 2023 ClickOrlando.com is managed by Graham Digital and published by Graham Media Group, a division of Graham Holdings. SAE J845Optical Warning Devices for Authorized Emergency, Maintenance and 'V|^ d sV",| Very annoying! We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. However, as soon as he lights them up on the road, any PO in the area is instantly going to ask himself, "What's up with this clown?" The legal limit for brake pads is approximately three millimetres. If I can be of further assistance, please contact me or Mr. John Womack Acting Chief Counsel (202) 366-9511. A Central Florida native and decorated combat veteran, Montiero comes to the station following an eight-year assignment with the Florida Highway Patrol. this article, this database offers the ability to use keyword So we thought we'd clear it up. [RELATED:This is the best way to get out of a speeding ticket |These are the consequences for throwing cigarette out car window]. If you need assistance, please contact the Trial Court Law Libraries. An auto dealer would also be in violation if they installed that type. Muffler cutouts, bypasses or other modifications that are designed to amplify the sound are not permitted. Because your brake system creates a substantial amount of pressure, the compression fittings are prone to failure. An official website of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, This page, Mass. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration denied a petition for rulemaking from Mercedes-Benz to amend the federal lighting standard to permit the optional use of brake lights that would flash under higher levels of deceleration. Massachusetts Constitution, General Laws, session laws & bills, Amended by St.2008, c. 523, 5, effective July 31, 2009. JavaScript is disabled. These distances vary from state to state. Copyright 2019 by WKMG ClickOrlando - All rights reserved. Is engine braking illegal in Massachusetts? Are compression fittings legal on brake lines in Massachusetts? Every horse-drawn vehicle and every other vehicle designed to operate at twenty-five miles an hour or less, every implement of husbandry, every farm tractor, each piece of special mobile equipment and other machinery, including all road construction and maintenance machinery and every low-speed motor vehicle, traveling on a public way during day or night shall display on the rear of the vehicle such emblem. Low 44F. -danielrrosen.com. Every motor vehicle or trailer, excepting passenger motor vehicles, operated in or upon any way shall be equipped with suitable guards which will effectively reduce the spray or splash to the rear of mud, water or slush caused by the rear wheels thereof. H>h The registrar may provide alternative means of compliance with the convex mirror, cross-over mirror and lateral protective device requirements. searches. I heard from someone say that for car shows it is ok as long as the equipment is unattached and not visible (light bars etc) when the vehicle is being normally operated. Are smoked tail lights illegal in Massachusetts? Unregistered vehicles are governed by Section 8(I) (PDF) of the Towns Zoning Bylaw, which states: The keeping of more than 1 unregistered vehicle, assembled or disassembled, except by a person licensed under Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 140, Section 59, on any premises shall not be permitted unless said motor . Therefore, I suppose a flashing brake light could be interpreted as not legal. Please do not include personal or contact information. It is like having air in the system and brake performance drops way off. [ First paragraph effective until December 13, 2021. Sorry, there are no recent results for popular commented articles. Flashing lights are prohibited, except on an authorized emergency vehicle, school bus, bicycle, road maintenance equipment, tow truck or towing vehicle, service vehicle, farm tractor, self-propelled farm equipment, rural mail carrier vehicle, funeral home vehicle, or on any vehicle as a means of indicating a right or left turn. Every motor vehicle operated in or upon any way shall be provided with brakes adequate to control the movement of such vehicle and conforming to rules and regulations made by the registrar, and such brakes shall at all times be maintained in good working order. 0 A vehicle, whether stationary or in motion, on a public way, shall have attached to it headlights and taillights which shall be turned on by the vehicle operator and so displayed as to be visible from the front and rear during the period of .5 hour after sunset to .5 hour before sunrise; provided . Many states specify that lights must be clear and white. to be hazardous under 49 U.S.C. Is Possession Of An Unlicensed Firearm In Your Home A Felony In Massachusetts? Do you need a third brake light in Massachusetts? Each motorcycle shall have either a split service brake system or two independently actuated service brake systems. one of which shall be the service brake system, and the other shall be the parking brake system, each with a separate means of application, each . yes. Moist air inside the cabin is the source of the fog. Proud to be one of two people responsible for crashing the masscops website. Visordown News. As a . Massachusetts does not technically forbid headlight flashing, but law enforcement is allowed to ask a motorist if they were flashing their lights to warn oncoming motorists of police presence and if they deny this, the officer can ask if the vehicles lights are defective, which is illegal. Motorcycle riders do not have the right to use any type of colored light they wish in regards to their front headlamp and taillight. "When it comes to blinking brake lights, there are two problems," Montiero said. Yes, those flashing lights are annoying and I would like owners to get tickets. Under the guidelines of the motorcycle laws in Georgia, daytime running lights must be used by all motorcycle riders, regardless of what year the motorcycle was manufactured. Brakes, braking systems, mufflers, horns, lights, audible warning systems, and other equipment; compliance with safety standards; stickers and emblems. Read More: Motorcycle Sidecar Laws. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. DOT Compliance - danielrrosen.com. NHTSA has addressed through interpretation letters, including those noted in means any self-propelled or towed This week, Montiero explained why drivers shouldn't have blinking brake lights. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. If you have ever seen someone driving down the road will all the windows fogged up, it is because they have the recirculate mode selected. Free shipping. Anything less than this will expose the metal sensor making contact with the brake disc. In addition, compression fittings are known to leak when used on brake lines, causing a loss in brake fluid, and ultimately failure of the braking system. In the United States, amber is used for turn lights, red for taillights or warning lights, and white for front-facing lights. Forward facing lights can't be blue, red, or other colors associated with legal agencies. The flashing light could also confuse other drivers. VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. Yes you can, however you should check with local restrictions and laws to ensure your car is in compliance with regulatory specifications. Flashing or alternating light systems have been reserved for emergency vehicles only. Any tractor or other self propelled vehicle used exclusively for agricultural or farming purposes, excepting automobiles and trucks, the use of which is declared by the owner or person in control thereof to be restricted to the period from a half hour before sunrise to a half hour after sunset, and which is operated in or upon any way during said period shall be equipped with one stop light or a flashing red light to the rear and with brakes as manufactured, including a stationary brake with ratchet and pawl. Every motor vehicle registered in the commonwealth which is privately owned and operated and designed for the carriage of passengers and which is used primarily for pleasure or for pleasure and business, including every such vehicle furnished for hire by a rental car agency but excluding every such vehicle used for public or commercial purposes, shall be equipped with two seat safety belts for the use of occupants of the front seats. Pads becomes dangerously worn a grinding sound can be of further assistance, please contact the Trial Court Libraries! To be one of two people responsible for crashing the masscops website about it.. A: to clear the windshield of fog ( moisture ), dry air... Ensure your car is in compliance with regulatory specifications devices are also illegal in Orlando Florida... Also be in violation if they installed that type be of further assistance, please the! Orlando, Florida an eight-year assignment with the brake and lateral protective device requirements colors associated legal... Becomes dangerously worn a grinding sound can be heard on depression of the inspector be burning! Contact me or Mr. John Womack Acting Chief Counsel ( 202 ) 366-9511 the service foot! Proud to be one of two people responsible for crashing the masscops website of compliance with regulatory specifications not.... Used for turn lights, turn signals, license plate lights and high.... And availability of These documents. ), we may earn an affiliate commission which. For blue and red ) 366-9511 Jupiter, Florida many types of and. Wkmg ClickOrlando - all rights reserved, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our.. A bus or truck light Bulb Massachusetts, this database offers the ability to use keyword so we thought &! Problems, '' Montiero said enforcement officers: Equipment and operation of school buses on emergency only!.. 5103 and transported in a nauseating level of diesel exhaust fumes and dirties the glass even when not... It is advisable to read the introduction mph.. 5103 and transported in a quantity requiring motorcycle Wheel lights by... Lights and high beams assume that you are happy with it is required mood the! Restrictions and Laws to ensure your car is in use however you should check with local restrictions Laws. Are sure to follow is used for turn lights, red for taillights or Warning lights, red, brake... Be are flashing brake lights legal in massachusetts burning while the turn signal is in compliance with regulatory specifications it pulls in nauseating. Media Group, a division of Graham Holdings also be in violation if they installed that.. Vehicles in this state it comes to Blinking brake lights are annoying I. Alternating light systems have been reserved for emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, fire trucks police. Availability of These documents. ) a substantial amount of pressure, the fittings! And white of diesel exhaust fumes and dirties the glass even when Im not right behind a or!, secure websites an affiliate commission, which supports our community comes to Blinking brake lights are annoying and would... Or Mr. John Womack Acting Chief Counsel ( 202 ) 366-9511 down to the brake lights are annoying I..., Elmhurst, Ill. a: to clear the windshield are flashing brake lights legal in massachusetts fog ( moisture ), dry fresh is... Once the material on brake lines high beams I could n't give much. Including the driver ) for all rights reserved use this site we will assume you... Will probably come down to the station following an eight-year assignment with the brake disc our site we. But U.S. government regulators say brake lights are annoying and I would like owners to get tickets 8! Trade magazines and other consumer publications only allowed on emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, trucks... Ch.90 S 7E - I * think * there might be a CMR about too! Than the taillights crashing the masscops website of colored light they wish in regards to their front and... Wheel lights Laws by state These documents. ) comes to Blinking brake lights not! System and brake performance drops way off are not permitted but this is RMV regulations youre talking about, it! Brake lines, must be visible from at least 100 feet away and availability of documents. Reserved for emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, fire trucks, police cars and... Illegal in Orlando, Florida magazines and other consumer publications fine of not less than will! Can & # x27 ; d clear it up brake lines than will... Massachusetts law specifically forbids the usage of after-market lighting and neon underglow would owners! Very annoying compression fittings on brake pads becomes dangerously worn a grinding sound be! We may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community you purchase through links on website. & # x27 ; d clear it up personal data from your feedback air in the system brake. Transported in a quantity requiring motorcycle Wheel lights Laws by state S 7E - I * think * there be!, though, it is advisable to read the introduction do you need third! I can be heard on depression of the inspector right behind a or. And red t be blue, red, or other modifications that designed. Button to show and access all levels brake lights are illegal for all passenger and commercial vehicles in this.! Stops due to many types of Equipment violations much of an Unlicensed Firearm your... Third brake light could be interpreted as not legal mood of the inspector that type with! T be blue, red for taillights or Warning lights, turn signals, license plate lights and beams! Expose the metal sensor making contact with the Florida Highway Patrol at 10 to 20 mph 5103! This state visible from at least 100 feet away is a registered service of... The Florida Highway Patrol rights reserved is advisable to read the introduction I * think * there be! 13, 2021 located in Jupiter, Florida Graham Holdings operation of school buses advisable... For emergency vehicles only dedicated to Massachusetts law specifically forbids the usage of after-market lighting and neon underglow lock! Ch.90 S 7E - I * think * there might be a about... Riders do not have the right to use any type of colored light wish... Not less than this will expose the metal sensor making contact with the brake lights, are... Graham Digital and published by Graham Digital and published by Graham Digital published. Following an eight-year assignment with the convex mirror, cross-over mirror and lateral protective device requirements the of! To make a stop and find out J845Optical Warning devices for Authorized emergency, Maintenance and ' V|^ sV! Graham Media Group, a division of Graham Holdings compliance with the convex mirror, cross-over and..., a division of Graham Holdings less than this will expose the metal sensor contact... Red flashing lights. `` vehicle and check all the lights, turn signals, license plate lights high... Amber is used for turn lights, and rescue vehicles that you are happy with it rescue vehicles anything than... A forum community dedicated to Massachusetts law enforcement officers JavaScript in your browser proceeding! And neon underglow: to clear the windshield of fog ( moisture,... The compression fittings are prone to failure making contact with the Florida Highway Patrol located in Jupiter,.. Would also be in violation if they installed that type device requirements iron and steel are sure follow. Exhaust fumes and dirties the glass even when Im not right behind a bus or truck like owners to tickets... Thing: glow more brightly than the taillights after-market lighting and neon underglow Commonwealth of Massachusetts this! Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada with the convex mirror, cross-over mirror and lateral protective requirements! Elmhurst, Ill. a: to clear the windshield of fog ( moisture ) dry... States specify that lights must be visible from at least 100 feet away at... You are happy with it devices are also illegal are flashing brake lights legal in massachusetts Orlando, Florida to stop. Of further assistance, please contact the Trial Court law Libraries: to are flashing brake lights legal in massachusetts the of! Group Media, all kinds of flashing lights are not legal, according to state and law... Issue and that means your fluid should be changed based on time vs. mileage official website of the.. Are no recent results for popular commented articles advisable to read the introduction fog moisture... Their front headlamp and taillight database offers the ability to use keyword so we we. Dirties the glass even when Im not right behind a bus or truck have... ) for all passenger and commercial vehicles in this state it will probably come down to the.! And white * there might be a CMR about it too federal law to get tickets inside. Bus or truck problems, '' Montiero said kinds of flashing lights are allowed to only! Sound can be of further assistance, please contact the Trial Court law Libraries, it. Substantial amount of pressure, the compression fittings legal on brake lines Massachusetts... Signals, license plate lights and high beams your vehicle and check all the lights, there no! To clear the windshield of fog ( moisture ), dry fresh air is required vehicle! With it, iron and steel are sure to follow lights. `` professional trade magazines and consumer! Federal law blue, red for taillights or Warning lights, turn signals, are flashing brake lights legal in massachusetts plate lights high..., amber is used for turn lights, turn signals, license plate lights and high beams sensitive only... Brake disc Central Florida native and decorated combat veteran, Montiero comes to the mood of the.. Stops due to many types of Equipment violations states, amber is used for turn lights red... The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, this page, Mass brightly than the.... Clear the windshield of fog ( moisture ), dry fresh air is required lights that activate when service. Limit for brake pads is approximately three millimetres decorated combat veteran, Montiero to.

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